A limit switch is an electromechanical unit that consists of an actuator that is connected mechanically to the set of contacts. When the object travels towards and comes in touch with...
Millions of transistors are found in integrated circuits across every electronic device. Here, we focus specifically on bipolar junction transistors. There are two main types of transistor: bipolar junction...
PROFINET is the innovative open standard for Industrial Ethernet. PROFINET satisfies all requirements of automation technology. PROFINET enables solutions to be developed for factory automation, process automation, safety applications,...
Profibus was designed in the 1990s to meet all industrial communication needs for both factory and process automation (Figure 1). As with Modbus, there are a number of terms...
Modbus is a communication protocol for transmitting information between electronic devices over serial lines (original version) or via the Ethernet, and is commonly used in...
Abbreviated as P&ID, a piping and instrumentation diagram is an articulate drawing of a processing plan that entails the piping and process equipment with its instrumentation and control machinery....
Current is a flow of electrical charge carriers, usually electrons or electron-deficient atoms. The common symbol for current is the uppercase letter I. The standard unit is the ampere, symbolized...
Voltage is the pressure from an electrical circuit’s power source that pushes charged electrons (current) through a conducting loop, enabling them to do work such as illuminating a light. In brief, voltage =...
In industrial plants that deal with water, wastewater, oil & gas, the technology used to monitor is complicated and important. Without the right technology in place, these industries would fail to provide...
Automation describes a wide range of technologies that reduce human intervention in processes. Human intervention is reduced by predetermining decision criteria, subprocess relationships, and related actions and embodying those...